When disposal of cell corpses is defective, autoimmune and other pathologies can arise ( Fig.
DEAD CELLS UPDATE 21 PROFESSIONAL
The engulfing of dead cells by professional phagocytes, a multistep process known as efferocytosis, allows multicellular organisms to recycle cellular components. Removal of cellular corpses is important in both homeostasis and disease. Cell death must be carefully controlled extensive damage, for example caused by heat, mechanical compression or osmotic pressure, can cause cells to undergo necrosis, releasing their intracellular contents to the surrounding milieu and leading to the activation of inflammatory immune pathways that can damage surrounding healthy cells and tissues. Large numbers of cells also die during the resolution of pathological events, including tissue damage and infections. Cell death is important for development billions of cells are eliminated during mammalian embryogenesis and development in order to shape new structures and maintain organ function 3, 4. In nearly all physiological and most pathological scenarios, cells participate in their demise by a programmed cascade of signaling events (“regulated” cell death) 1 whereby damaged or obsolete cells die in a controlled manner and are replaced with new cells arising from stem cell progenitors 2. Cell death and the effective clearance of dying cells are fundamental processes that maintain homeostasis in multicellular organisms.
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